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Perelman’s Rhetoric of Argument |
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summary document
prepared by Steven S. Vrooman |
ROR=Perelman, C. (1982). The Realm of Rhetoric. Notre Dame, U of Notre Dame P |
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rev. September 2013 |
NR=Perelman, C. & Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1969). The New Rhetoric. ND, UoNDP. |
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Premises |
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Facts/truths |
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Agreed upon
reality. |
ROR 23 NR 67 |
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Observed |
Concrete data. |
NR 68 |
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Supposed |
Probable data. |
NR 68 |
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Presumptions |
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Admitted as
assumptions. |
ROR 24 NR 70 |
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The normal |
Based on a
reference group or experience. |
ROR 25 NR 73 |
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The likely |
Some measure of
(intuitive) statistical judgment. |
ROR 25 NR 71 |
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Values |
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Agreed upon
guides to actions. |
ROR 26 NR 74 |
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Concrete |
“ |
ROR 27 NR 77 |
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Abstract |
Not concrete:
“truth” “justice” |
ROR 28 NR 77 |
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Universal |
Not specific:
“truth” “justice” |
ROR 27 |
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Specific |
“true for me”
“good for you” |
ROR 27 |
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Hierarchies |
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An order based
on a governing value. |
ROR 29 NR 80 |
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Concrete |
Hierarchy of
concrete values or facts. |
ROR 29 NR 80 |
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Abstract |
Hierarchy of
abstract values. |
ROR 29 NR 80 |
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Homogenous |
Greater or
smaller is better. |
ROR 29 NR 81 |
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Heterogenous |
An accepted
order of non-quantitative items, ex. “true is superior to good” |
ROR 29 NR 81 |
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Loci |
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Traditionally
argued premises. |
ROR 29 NR 83 |
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Quantity |
More of good is
better. |
ROR 30 NR 85 |
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Quality |
The rare and
unique is better. |
ROR 30 NR 89 |
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Order |
What comes
first is better or worse than what comes last/next. |
ROR 30 NR 93 |
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Essence |
The “rabbity-est rabbit” is best. |
ROR 30 NR 94 |
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Autonomy |
What I do
myself is better than what I do with help. |
ROR 31 NR 95 |
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Premise Modifiers |
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Presence |
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Drawing attention to premises. |
ROR 35 NR 116 |
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Time |
Making it feel urgent. |
ROR 35 NR 118 |
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Space |
Making it feel close. |
ROR 35 NR 118 |
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Enthymeme |
Giving only premises and not the claim. |
ROR 37 NR 118 |
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Repetition |
Say it again. And again. And again. |
ROR 37 |
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Amplification |
Divide whole into parts. |
ROR 37 |
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Aggregation |
Add parts into a whole. |
ROR 37-8 |
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Metabole |
Using synonymous expressions. |
ROR 38 |
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Interpretation |
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Make the data relevant. |
ROR 41 NR 120 |
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Specific
Choices |
Choose between alternatives. |
ROR 41 NR 122 |
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Interpretive
Schemes |
Limit the context of interpretation to gain clarity. |
ROR 41 NR 123 |
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Argument
types: |
Quasi-logical
arguments |
Contradiction |
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Logical
incompatibility of propositions. |
ROR 54 NR 195 |
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Incompatibility |
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Apparent
incompatibility of propositions. |
ROR 54 NR 195 |
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Autophagia |
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A rule is
incompatible with its own application. |
ROR 57 NR 203 |
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Retort |
What someone
says is incompatible with the fact they are asserting it. |
ROR 57 NR 204 |
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Self-Inclusion |
Applying a
principle to itself produces incompatibility. |
ROR 58 NR 204 |
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Ridicule |
Autophagia between a rule and its
consequences. |
ROR 58 NR 205 |
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Definition |
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Identifying or
linking an expression with a concept. |
ROR 61 NR 210 |
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Normative |
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Prescriptive:
what it should mean. |
ROR 61 NR 210 |
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Descriptive |
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Normal usage. |
ROR 61 NR 211 |
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Condensed |
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Finding
commonalities or the essence of descriptive defs. |
ROR 61 NR 211 |
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Complex |
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Some
combination of other 3. |
ROR 61 NR 211 |
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Analysis |
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Examination of
definitional link. |
ROR 62 NR 214 |
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Material |
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Explaining a
definitional term. |
ROR 62 |
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Formal |
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Explaining the
logical structure of a definition. |
ROR 62-3 |
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Philosophical |
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Reduction of
definition to facts. |
ROR 63 |
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Justice |
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A rule which
requires identical treatment for beings or situations seen as the same. |
ROR 66 NR 218 |
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Reciprocity |
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Demonstration
that beings or situation are the same. |
ROR 67 NR 221 |
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Transivity |
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If A=B and B=C,
then A=C |
ROR 70 NR 227 |
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Inclusion |
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Treating
something as a part of a larger whole. |
ROR 71 NR 231 |
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Division |
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Breaking
something into parts. |
ROR 73 NR 235 |
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Dilemma |
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Two choices
have the same result or an equally bad result. |
ROR 73 NR 236 |
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Comparison |
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Two things are
examined as if their similarities and differences were measurable. |
ROR 75 NR 242 |
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The
Contemptuous |
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Belittlement by
comparison to a thing a person finds beneath them. |
NR 244 |
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The
Un-sustained Loss |
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Solution’s
advantage is seen as the avoidance of an (avoided) loss. |
NR 245 |
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Golden Age |
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Previous time
better than now. |
ROR 77 NR 245 |
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Enthusiastic
Present |
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Now better than
past or future. |
NR 245 |
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Superlative |
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Something is
beyond comparison. |
NR 245 |
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Sacrifice |
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Is a result
worth some loss? |
ROR 77 NR 248 |
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Probability |
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Comparison by
reducing choices to some form of data or number. |
ROR 78 NR 255 |
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Based on the Structure of Reality |
Succession |
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A
cause-and-effect argument. |
ROR 81 NR 263 |
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Pragmatic |
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Evaluation of
an act through consequences. |
ROR 82 NR 266 |
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Waste |
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If sacrifices
were made in service of a task, it must not be stopped now. |
ROR 87 NR 279 |
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Redundancy |
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Don’t vote for
a candidate if the vote won’t contribute: Avoid the superfluous. |
ROR 87 NR 281 |
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Decisive |
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Vote for a
candidate if the vote will affect victory. |
ROR 87 NR 281 |
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Stages |
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If A→D
seems hard, let’s do B and see if things look different then. |
ROR 87 NR 282 |
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Direction |
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Doing B will
slippery slope to D. |
ROR 87 NR 281 |
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Propagation |
A is ok, but it
will interact with other factors to get to D (bad). |
NR 286 |
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Contagion |
Propagation
where A is already bad. |
NR 286 |
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Popularization |
Direction with
a D that is not bad in itself, but will destroy something now distinctive as
A’s multiply. |
NR 286 |
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Consolidation |
Direction where
A is okay if it is alone, but propagation will give A greater impact. |
NR 287 |
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Sorites |
At a certain
point of direction, the individual grains of A’s and B’s will become a heap
and change nature into something new and bad. |
NR 287 |
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Precedent |
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B won’t
slippery slope, but it opens the door. |
ROR 88 NR 283 |
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Unlimited
development |
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Increased
developments along a track continually increase value. |
ROR 88 NR 287 |
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Coexistence |
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A
person/manifestations argument. |
ROR 90 NR 293 |
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Intention |
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Various acts
reveal a unified essence. |
ROR 90 NR 294 |
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Prestige |
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The quality of
a person known by her/his effects. |
ROR 94 NR 303 |
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Severance |
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Act and essence
are totally separated. |
ROR 96 NR 310 |
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Restraint |
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Connections
between act and essence are reduced. |
ROR 96 NR 314 |
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Bias |
Essence is
exceptionally unique. |
NR 314 |
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Exception |
Act is
exceptionally unique. |
NR 316 |
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Representativity |
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Acts related to
an essence of a group to which a person is connected. |
ROR 99 NR 322 |
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Symbolic Liasons |
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A thing is
connected with an essence. |
ROR 101 NR 332 |
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Double Hierarchy |
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Two hierarchies
so closely related that one can cue the other. |
ROR 102 NR 337 |
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Quantitative |
They interlink
numerically. Ex: A man is stronger because he lifts heavier weight. |
ROR 102 NR 338 |
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Qualitative |
They interlink
conventionally. Ex: God cares for sparrows and so will not neglect us, who
are reasonable and deaer. |
ROR 102 NR 339 |
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Coexistence |
They interlink
in coexistence. Ex: Don’t act like a pig. |
ROR 103 NR 340 |
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Order/Degree |
Quantitative
and qualitative hierarchies link. Ex: Correlation
between colors and wavelengths. |
ROR 103 NR 345 |
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Establishing the Structure of Reality |
Example |
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Event/s
reveal/s a rule or reality. |
ROR 106 NR 350 |
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Single |
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One event is an
example. |
ROR 106 NR 352 |
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Hierarchically
arranged |
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Example linked
to double hierarchy of multiple events/concepts. |
ROR 107 NR 354 |
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Exception |
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Argument
separating event/s and rules/realities. |
NR
355-6 |
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Illustration |
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Event
strengthens adherence to a rule. |
ROR 108 NR 357 |
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(for) |
Clarity |
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Event makes
rule clearer. |
NR 357 |
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Import |
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Event calls
attention to rule’s possible applications. |
NR 357 |
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Presence |
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Event strikes
the imagination in connection with the rule. |
ROR 108 NR 357 |
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Model |
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Persons or
groups whose prestige confers value on their acts and should be imitated. |
ROR 110 NR 363 |
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Anti-model |
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Opposite of
model. |
ROR 112 NR 366 |
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Analogy |
Theme/Phoros |
(original
concept/ modifying
concept) |
One concept is
similar to another, which modifies the sense of the original. |
ROR 115 NR 373 |
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Metaphor |
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Analogy where
theme and phoros are condensed into a phrase. |
ROR 120 NR 399 |
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Dissociation |
(breaking ideas into sets of philosophical pairs like appearance/reality to develop and explain a new idea) |
Expressions |
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Use of
characteristic language which reveals the conceptual separations. |
NR 436 |
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Justifications |
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Expressions
which invite dissociation. |
NR 442 |
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Definitions |
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Expressions
which suggest the dissociation is the true meaning of the concept. |
NR 444 |
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